CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
ANGLO-SAXON
ENGLAND
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
<24 January 2005>
Material should be submitted to the editor most convenient regionally, except for articles concerning archaeology (to be sent to John Blair), numismatics (to Mark Blackburn), art history (to Richard Gameson), and history and onomastics (to Simon Keynes). For the editors' addresses, see the most recent issue of Anglo-Saxon England.
Contributors are requested to read these instructions
carefully, and to pay close attention to our conventions when
preparing their typescripts. A typescript which does not follow our
conventions will be returned to the contributor for revision.
Contributors are reminded that articles in earlier issues of
ASE may be found useful as models for presentation, style of
references, etc.; but they should note that certain practices have
been changed, and that this style-sheet has priority. In case of
doubt, please contact one of the executive editors.
Please note that the code for a web-browser (HTML) does not appear to allow underlined characters.
I. GENERAL
Articles must be in English, and printed out on A4 paper (or its
nearest equivalent). It is of the first importance that we are
supplied with a printout or photocopy of good quality. It is
particularly necessary that special characters which may be
unfamiliar to the printer (e.g. ash, eth, thorn, etc.) are
unambiguous. (This applies especially to the descender of a thorn
that is underlined.) If your word-processor cannot produce
Anglo-Saxon letters, please ensure that the special characters are
clearly marked. Both text and notes must be typed double-spaced;
please do not justify right-hand margins, and please avoid splitting
a word at the end of a line (to ease the burden on the sub-editor,
who otherwise has to instruct the printer to ignore the hyphen).
Adequate margins must be left all round for subediting and for the
printer's comments. The notes must be numbered consecutively in one
series and typed at the end of the article, starting on a fresh page.
The printer will distribute the notes so that, when published, each
is at the foot of the page to which it refers. Any letters or words
to be printed in italic should be underlined; any letters or words to
be printed in bold typeface should be wavy-underlined. This applies
even if your word-processor can generate italic and bold fonts. If
you must make any corrections to the typescript, make them neatly and
legibly between the lines (not in the margin), and retype any
sections that are heavily corrected.
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British, rather than American, spelling should be used; articles
in past volumes of ASE will provide examples of our preferred
practices (e.g. medieval, judgement, artifact). A spelling with -ize
should be used where the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary recommends
it, e.g. organize, emphasize, recognize, realize, criticize,
standardize; -ise is used in, e.g., compromise, exercise, surprise,
improvise, advertise, advise. The spelling of Old English names
should be modelled on those in the index to F.M. Stenton,
Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1971). A good many
examples are included in the indexes in ASE 5 (1976),
ASE 10 (1982), ASE 15 (1986), ASE 20 (1991), and
ASE 25 (1997).
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A quotation which is not longer than sixty words of prose or one
line of verse should be enclosed in single quotation marks, unless it
is a word or short phrase which is emphasized or used in a passage of
analysis; these should be underlined (to indicate italic) and not
enclosed in quotation marks. A longer quotation should be indented
(and typed double-spaced) and neither quotation marks nor underlining
used. Double quotation marks should be used only for quotations
within quotations which are themselves already enclosed in single
quotation marks. A quotation not in Modern English should be
accompanied by a translation, which should be enclosed in single
quotation marks and placed in a footnote.
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Where appropriate, contributors are encouraged to employ headings
and sub-headings in the interest of clarity. A main heading should be
in capitals (and will be printed in small capitals), roman, and
centred; a sub-heading should be in lower case (with initial
capital), italic (i.e. underlined for italic), and centred; a
sub-sub-heading should be in lower case (with initial capital),
italic (i.e. underlined for italic), beginning in the left hand
margin. The first line of text following a main heading or a
sub-heading is full out; but the first line of text following a
sub-sub-heading is indented.
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Numbers should be in words if less than -100 and if not within a specific reference, measurement, date, list or table or part of extensive statistical data, e.g.: the tenth century; a late-tenth-century manuscript; twenty-six occasions; sixty-four per cent; but 64% (if part of extensive data), and 40 x 95 mm. Otherwise they should be in figures. Numbers in a series should be accordance with these examples:
(i) 30-4 (not 30-34), 191-6 (not 191-196 or 191-96), 300-4
(ii) 210-12 and 213-15 (not 210-2 and 213-5)
(iii) 232-43 (not 232-243)
(iv) 191 and 204 (not 191, 204)
(v) 191, 204 and 310 (not 191, 204, 310 or 191, 204, and 310)
Please note that if possible (longer) en-rules, as opposed to
(shorter) hyphens, should be used between numbers; though hyphens are
used here because HTML does not appear to support en-rules. Please
note also that in references to manuscripts or lines of poetry which
specify the side of a leaf or the part of a line, the principles
implicit in (i)-(iii) have to be waived: e.g. 26r-27v (not 26r-7v)
and 93b-94a (not 93b-4a).
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In general, abbreviations are to be avoided in running prose,
especially in the main text of the article; but certain abbreviations
may be used in footnotes (e.g., i.e., cf., ptd, esp.; s.v., s.a., c.,
ibid., et al., viz., etc.). Note, however, that an abbreviation such
as OE (= Old English) or ON (= Old Norse) should always be used
(without fullstops) before a linguistic form (e.g. OE ea or OE
fæder), though not in running prose (e.g. Old English poetry,
the Old English language, in Old English). The abbreviations MS and
MSS are not to be used in running prose for the word 'manuscript(s)'
on its own (but may need to be used in references to specific
manuscripts in certain collections). SS is used for 'Saints', as in
SS Peter and Paul. For the use of abbreviations in references to
books, articles, manuscripts etc., see below, Section II.
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In general, British, rather than American, punctuation should be used, e.g. commas outside quotations marks, single rather than double quotation marks (except for quotations within quotations) and no comma before 'and' in a series, or before 'etc.' Hyphenation should be kept to the unavoidable minimum; for guidance, see the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary. No stop should be used after an abbreviation which includes the last letter of the word (e.g. Dr or St); but a stop should be used after the -s of a plural if it would be used after the corresponding singular:
ch., chs.; fol., fols.; vol., vols.; col., cols.
A suprascript number, indicating the place in the main text to which a footnote refers, should follow adjacent punctuation, e.g. 'his first lessons in holy writings',2 (not 'his first lessons in holy writings'2, or 'his first lessons in holy writings2',). Except in special circumstances, macrons and accents are not used in the citation of Old English words. <numbers not suprascript in HTML>
It would be helpful to the sub-editor if parenthetical or emphatic
dashes were typed as spaced en-rules, and not as single or double
hyphens, or as em-rules (spaced or unspaced). This is an -
illustrative - example of spaced en-rules. This, on the other hand,
is an &emdash; illustrative &emdash; example of spaced em-rules. And
this is an--illustrative--example of unspaced double hyphens. Dashes
in date or number ranges should be unspaced en-rules, as indicated in
Section I.5 above.
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Lower case should be used for the initial letter of a pronoun
referring to God and the initial letter of a word such as 'church',
'king', 'bishop', or 'psalter', unless the word is part of a title as
in, e.g., the Vespasian Psalter or King Alfred (but Alfred, king of
Wessex, not King Alfred of Wessex). However, an initial capital is
preferred for 'Bible', 'Continent' and 'Insular'.
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Dates should be standardized on the models 26 October 1999, 26
October and October 1999. For an approximate date, the correct form
is c. 978 (not ca. 978). BC is used in the usual way (e.g. 55 BC),
but AD is not used unless required for some reason by the
context.
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II. SYSTEMS OF REFERENCE
Abbreviations such as bk(s), vol(s)., p(p)., ch(s). and col(s).
should be used (with certain exceptions in references to books and
articles, mentioned below); but the word 'line(s)' should always be
in full.
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2. References to books and articles
Please note the following conventions:
(i) Only the initials of an author's forenames are used in footnotes; the forenames are not to be given in full, no matter how the name appears in the publication to which reference is being made. (Exceptions may have to be made in the case of very common names.) The purpose of this convention (which represents a departure from earlier practice) is to save space and sub-editorial time, and to make it easier to achieve consistency through the volume as a whole; it is of course permissible to give an author's full forename(s) in the body of the text. In a first reference to a book or article written or edited by more than one person, all the authors or editors should be named; in a subsequent reference to such a work, where three or more names are concerned, only the first name need be given, followed (without a comma) by et al.
(ii) The title of a book or article must be given in full, exactly as in the publication; no word should be omitted or shortened in any way, whether in a foreign language or in English. The title of a series or periodical, on the other hand, should be treated in accordance with the guidance below. In the case of a book or article with a title and a sub-title, a colon should be used to separate the two elements; the first word in a sub-title should only begin with a capital if it is a significant word (e.g. Aldhelm: the Prose Works, not Aldhelm: The Prose Works, and The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: a Revised Translation, not The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: A Revised Translation).
(iii) In the case of editions of texts (or edited collections of essays), the title of the work should precede the name(s) of the editor(s): e.g. Anglo-Saxon Wills, ed. D. Whitelock (Cambridge, 1930), not D. Whitelock, ed., Anglo-Saxon Wills (Cambridge, 1930). The abbreviation(s) 'ed.', or 'ed. and trans.', should be used strictly in accordance with the formula appearing on the title-page of the book in question (and should not be introduced into the reference if the equivalent words do not occur on the title-page); when the formula on the title-page is simply 'translated by', 'trans.' is not used, and the name(s) of the translator(s) should precede the title in the normal way used for authors of books.
(iv) Every significant word in a title in English should begin with a capital; lower case is retained for small words such as articles, pronouns, prepositions and conjunctions etc. (e.g. the, their, in honour of, presented to), unless, of course, the word in question is the first in the title.
(v) The use of capitals in foreign titles should be according to contemporary usage in the language concerned; for the treatment of titles in Latin, see below, Section II.8.
(vi) 'vol(s).' and 'p(p).' should be omitted from references which include both a volume number (e.g. of a two-volume work, or of an issue of a periodical, or a volume in a series) and a page number.
(vii) Spaces should be left between an author's initials, between his initials and his surname, and between the constituent elements of the reference itself (e.g. P. Clemoes, 'Ælfric', Continuations and Beginnings: Studies in Old English Literature, ed. E. G. Stanley (London, 1966), pp. 176-209).
(viii) In a first reference to an article (e.g. in a periodical, or in a collection of essays), the page numbers of the whole article must be given (followed by a more specific reference, if desired); thereafter, references may be to specific pages. For the treatment of numbers, see above, Section I.5.
(ix) Titles of books should be underlined for italic; titles of articles should be in roman within single quotation marks; periodical titles should be underlined for italic; series titles should be in roman; titles of unpublished dissertations in roman within single quotation marks.
(x) The volume number of a book which is in more than one volume should be in roman capitals; the volume number of a periodical, and the number of a book in a series, should be arabic. A volume number (whether in roman or in arabic) should not be preceded by a comma. For a periodical without volume numbers the year of publication should be cited and treated as a volume number.
(xi) Places of publication of books published in Europe are given in the form familiar in English: thus Munich, not München, and Florence, not Firenze. Places of publication of books published in the United States of America may need to be accompanied by the modern two-letter postal abbreviation for the state: thus Providence, RI. For a list of these abbreviations, go here.
(xii) Books should normally be cited in their most recent edition. Note, however, that it is not ASE practice to cite the dates of photographic or anastatic reprints (as opposed to second or subsequent editions); in such cases, the original date of publication is to be given.
(xiii) A first reference to a book or article etc., and subsequent references and cross references, should be modelled on the appropriate examples given below.
(xiv) Ibid. is used (on its own) for consecutive references
to the same work.
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In any reference (first or subsequent) to any of these series or periodicals, the abbreviation indicated should be used:
Abbreviations for titles of series
|
ASPR |
Anglo-Saxon Poetic Records, ed. G. P. Krapp and E. V. K. Dobbie, 6 vols. (New York, 1931-42) |
|
BAR |
British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) |
|
CBA |
Council for British Archaeology |
|
CCCM |
Corpus Christianorum, Continuatio Mediaevalis |
|
CCSL |
Corpus Christianorum, Series Latina (Turnhout) |
|
CSASE |
Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England |
|
CSEL |
Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum (Vienna) |
|
EEMF |
Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile (Copenhagen) |
|
EETS |
Early English Text Society |
|
EPNS |
English Place-Name Society |
|
HBS |
Henry Bradshaw Society Publications |
|
MGH |
Monumenta Germaniae Historica |
|
-- Auct. antiq. |
-- Auctores antiquissimi |
|
-- Epist. |
-- Epistolae |
|
-- Epist. select. |
-- Epistolae selectae |
|
-- PLAC |
-- Poetae Latini Aevi Carolini |
|
-- SS |
-- Scriptores |
|
-- SS rer. Merov. |
-- Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum |
|
OMT |
Oxford Medieval Texts |
|
PL |
Patrologia Latina, ed. J. P. Migne (Paris, 1844-64) |
|
RS |
Rolls Series |
|
SCBI |
Sylloge of Coins of the British Isles |
Abbreviations for titles of periodicals
Please note that abbreviations should be underlined for italic
|
AAe |
Archaeologia Aeliana |
|
AB |
Analecta Bollandiana |
|
AC |
Archæologia Cantiana |
|
AHR |
American Historical Review |
|
AIUON |
Annali, Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli: sezione germanica |
|
ANQ |
American Notes and Queries |
|
ANS |
Anglo-Norman Studies |
|
AntJ |
Antiquaries Journal |
|
ArchJ |
Archaeological Journal |
|
ASE |
Anglo-Saxon England |
|
ASNSL |
Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen |
|
ASSAH |
Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History |
|
BBCS |
Bulletin of the Board of Celtic Studies |
|
BGDSL |
Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur |
|
BIAL |
Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology (London) |
|
BN |
Beiträge zur Namenforschung |
|
BNJ |
British Numismatic Journal |
|
CA |
Current Archaeology |
|
CCM |
Cahiers de civilisation médiévale |
|
CMCS |
Cambridge Medieval Celtic Studies |
|
DAEM |
Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters |
|
EA |
Études anglaises |
|
EconHR |
Economic History Review |
|
EHR |
English Historical Review |
|
ELN |
English Language Notes |
|
EME |
Early Medieval Europe |
|
ES |
English Studies |
|
FS |
Frühmittelalterliche Studien |
|
HS |
Historische Sprachforschung |
|
HZ |
Historische Zeitschrift |
|
IF |
Indogermanische Forschungen |
|
JBAA |
Journal of the British Archaeological Association |
|
JEGP |
Journal of English and Germanic Philology |
|
JEH |
Journal of Ecclesiastical History |
|
JEPNS |
Journal of the English Place-Name Society |
|
JMH |
Journal of Medieval History |
|
JTS |
Journal of Theological Studies |
|
LH |
The Local Historian |
|
MA |
Medieval Archaeology |
|
MÆ |
Medium Ævum |
|
MLR |
Modern Language Review |
|
MP |
Modern Philology |
|
MS |
Mediaeval Studies |
|
MScand |
Mediaeval Scandinavia |
|
N&Q |
Notes and Queries |
|
NChron |
Numismatic Chronicle |
|
NCirc |
Numismatic Circular |
|
NH |
Northern History |
|
NM |
Neuphilologische Mitteilungen |
|
OEN |
Old English Newsletter |
|
PA |
Popular Archaeology |
|
PBA |
Proceedings of the British Academy |
|
PMLA |
Publications of the Modern Language Association of America |
|
PQ |
Philological Quarterly |
|
RB |
Revue bénédictine |
|
RES |
Review of English Studies |
|
SBVS |
Saga-Book of the Viking Society for Northern Research |
|
SCMB |
Seaby's Coin and Medal Bulletin |
|
SettSpol |
Settimane di studio del Centro italiano di studi sull' alto medioevo (Spoleto) |
|
SM |
Studi Medievali |
|
SN |
Studia Neophilologica |
|
SP |
Studies in Philology |
|
TLS |
Times Literary Supplement |
|
TPS |
Transactions of the Philological Society |
|
TRHS |
Transactions of the Royal Historical Society |
|
YES |
Yearbook of English Studies |
|
ZAA |
Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik |
|
ZDA |
Zeitschrift für deutsches Altertum und deutsche Literatur |
|
ZVS |
Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung |
If an author should need other abbreviations, they should be
listed at the earliest convenient point in the article.
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In the case of a series or periodical which is not included in the lists of abbreviations above, its title should be shortened by employing the abbreviations in the list which follows (if any of the full words in question occur in the title); but note that a title which consists of one word only (e.g. History), and words in foreign languages, should not be shortened. Small words should not be omitted from titles of series or periodicals, with the sole exception of initial 'The' (e.g. Proc. of the Suffolk Inst. of Archaeol., not The Proc. . . .; but initial 'The' is to be retained for The Historian, The Library, The Listener and The London Archaeologist).
Please note that in titles of series, abbreviations are in roman; in titles of periodicals, they are underlined for italic.
|
Academy |
Acad. |
|
America(n) |
Amer. |
|
Anglo-Saxon |
AS |
|
Annual |
Ann. |
|
Antiquarian |
Ant. |
|
Archaeology, -ical |
Archaeol. |
|
Architecture, -ural |
Archit. |
|
Association |
Assoc. |
|
British |
Brit. |
|
Bulletin |
Bull. |
|
Department |
Dept |
|
Ecclesiastical |
Eccles. |
|
English |
Eng. |
|
Geography, -ical |
Geog. |
|
Graduate |
Grad. |
|
History, -ical |
Hist. |
|
Institute |
Inst. |
|
Journal |
Jnl |
|
Language |
Lang. |
|
Library |
Lib. |
|
Linguistic(s) |
Ling. |
|
Literature, -ary |
Lit. |
|
Magazine |
Mag. |
|
Medi(a)eval |
Med. |
|
Miscellaneous |
Misc. |
|
Modern |
Mod. |
|
Natural |
Nat. |
|
Old English |
OE |
|
Philology, -ical |
Philol. |
|
Proceedings |
Proc. |
|
Publication(s) |
Publ. |
|
Royal |
R. |
|
Review |
Rev. |
|
Society |
Soc. |
|
Studies |
Stud. |
|
Theology, -ical |
Theol. |
|
Transactions |
Trans. |
|
University |
Univ. |
|
extra series |
es |
|
new series |
ns |
|
original series |
os |
|
series |
ser. |
|
supplementary series |
ss |
3. Examples of first references to books and articles
Each first reference in an article should be on one of the
following models:
Please note that words here in italic, and to be
printed in italic,
should be underlined in your typescript and on your disk
(i) for a book:
J. A. Robinson, The Times of Saint Dunstan (Oxford, 1923), pp. 51-5;
S. Keynes and M. Lapidge, Alfred the Great: Asser's 'Life of King Alfred' and other Contemporary Sources (Harmondsworth, 1983), pp. 173-8;
C. E. Blunt, B. H. I. H. Stewart and C. S. S. Lyon, Coinage in Tenth-Century England from Edward the Elder to Edgar's Reform (Oxford, 1989);
(ii) for a multi-volume book:
A. W. Clapham, English Romanesque Architecture, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1930-4) I, 135;
(iii) for a book in a series:
A. Scharer, Die angelsächsische Königsurkunde im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung 26 (Vienna, 1982), 100-5;
(iv) for an edition of a book other than the first:
F. M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1971), p. 99;
English Historical Documents c. 500-1042, ed. D. Whitelock, Eng. Hist. Documents 1, 2nd ed. (London, 1979), no. 129;
(v) for an unpublished dissertation:
D. B. Schneider, 'Anglo-Saxon Women in the Religious Life: a Study of the Status and Position of Women in an Early Mediaeval Society' (unpubl. PhD dissertation, Cambridge Univ., 1985), p. 181, n. 7;
(vi) for an article in a periodical for which there is an abbreviated title:
R. Fleming, 'Monastic Lands and England's Defence in the Viking Age', EHR 100 (1985), 247-65, at 255-7;
B. A. E. Yorke, 'The Vocabulary of Anglo-Saxon Overlordship', ASSAH 2, BAR Brit. ser. 92 (Oxford, 1981), 171-200;
(vii) for an article in a periodical for which there is not an abbreviated title:
L. Musset, 'Rouen et l'Angleterre vers l'an mil', Annales de Normandie 24 (1974), 287-90;
H. R. Loyn, 'Wales and England in the Tenth Century: the Context of the Athelstan Charters', Welsh Hist. Rev. 10 (1981), 283-301;
(viii) for an article in a book or collection of essays:
A. Campbell, 'The Old English Epic Style', English and Medieval Studies presented to J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. N. Davis and C. L. Wrenn (London, 1962), pp. 13-26, esp. 17;
J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, 'Charlemagne and England', in his Early Medieval History (Oxford, 1975), pp. 155-80 (at 177, n. 65);
D. Whitelock, 'The Importance of the Battle of Edington', in her From Bede to Alfred: Studies in Early Anglo-Saxon Literature and History (London, 1980), no. XIII, 6-15;
M. Biddle, 'Archaeology, Architecture, and the Cult of Saints in Anglo-Saxon England', The Anglo-Saxon Church: Papers on History, Architecture, and Archaeology in Honour of Dr H. M. Taylor, ed. L. A. S. Butler and R. K. Morris, CBA Research Report 60 (London, 1986), 1-31;
S. Keynes, 'Queen Emma and the Encomium Emmae Reginae', Encomium Emmae Reginae, ed. A. Campbell, Camden Classic Reprints 4 (Cambridge, 1998), xiii-lxxx, at lii-liii
(ix) for editions, or editions and translations, of texts (reflecting formulation on the title-page):
Anglo-Saxon Wills, ed. D. Whitelock (Cambridge, 1930) [not D. Whitelock, ed., Anglo-Saxon Wills (Cambridge, 1930)];
Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors, OMT (Oxford, 1969) [not Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. and trans. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors, OMT (Oxford, 1969)];
F. E. Harmer, Anglo-Saxon Writs (Manchester, 1952) [not Anglo-Saxon Writs, ed. F. E. Harmer (Manchester, 1952)];
M. Lapidge and M. Herren, Aldhelm: the Prose Works (Cambridge, 1979) [not Aldhelm: the Prose Works, trans. M. Lapidge and M. Herren (Cambridge, 1979)];
The Battle of Maldon, ed. D. G. Scragg (Manchester, 1981), line 89;
Memorials of Saint Dunstan, ed. W. Stubbs, RS (London, 1874), p. 355;
Byrhtferth's Manual, ed. S. J. Crawford, EETS os 177 (London, 1929), 78;
Epistolae Karolini Aevi II, ed. E. Dümmler, MGH Epist. 4 (Berlin, 1895), 191-2 (no. 129);
Hincmar, De praedestinatione dei et libero arbitrio, PL 125, cols. 65-474.
Wulfstan of Winchester: the Life of St Æthelwold, ed. M. Lapidge and M. Winterbottom, OMT (Oxford, 1991), p. xlvii;
Henry, Archdeacon of Huntingdon: Historia Anglorum / The History of the English People, ed. D. Greenway, OMT (Oxford, 1996), p. 340;
(x) for an entry in an encyclopaedia:
R. C. Love, 'Hagiography', The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Anglo-Saxon England, ed. M. Lapidge, J. Blair, S. Keynes and D. Scragg (Oxford, 1999), pp. 226-8;
These examples will not, of course, cover all types of reference;
but other types of reference should be devised according to the
principles which are implicit in them. Contributors are reminded that
for items published since 1971 there should be a reference in the
approved style in the appropriate ASE annual bibliography; note,
however, that in these bibliographies authors' forenames will
continue to be given as in the publication, whereas in footnotes
attached to articles such names are to be reduced to initials.
Return to Key
A subsequent reference to a work already cited should be shortened by the use of ibid. (without a following comma) if the reference is consecutive, or by the use of a short title (but not op. cit. etc.) if the reference comes later, e.g.:
Ibid. p. 65.
Ibid. I, 221-3.
Blunt et al., Coinage in Tenth-Century England, pp. 278-80.
Fleming, 'Monastic Lands', pp. 250-1.
Robinson, Times of St Dunstan, pp. 71-80.
Battle of Maldon, ed. Scragg, p. 74 (note on line 89).
Epistolae Karolini Aevi, ed. Dümmler, no. 125.
Love, 'Hagiography', p. 228.
J. Roberts, 'Cynewulf', Encyclopaedia of ASE, ed. Lapidge
et al., pp. 133-5.
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Cross references should be placed in footnotes, not in the main text, and should be in the form:
See above, p. 00.
See below, p. 000, n. 0.
See above, p. 00, nn. 0-0.
See below, n. 00.
Please note, in the second and third examples, that there is a
comma between the page number and the reference to the note. The
00-numbers may be changed to the actual numbers at proof-stage.
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It is desirable to give manuscript shelfmarks whenever possible: thus reference should be made not simply to the 'Book of Cerne', but to the 'Book of Cerne (Cambridge, University Library, Ll. 1. 10)'. It is also desirable to specify whenever possible the origin and date (and provenance too, if so wished) of a given manuscript, always in the following form:
London, British Library, Royal 15. C. VII (Old Minster, Winchester, s. x/xi);
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson C. 697 (NE France, s. ix2; later provenance Bury St Edmunds).
If reference is to the recto or verso of a manuscript leaf, 'fol.' should be omitted and 'r' or 'v' should be specified (e.g. 26r, 27v, 26r-27v (not 26r-7v) or 35r-43v). If reference is to a leaf (or leaves) as a whole 'fol(s).' should be used (e.g. fol. 86, fols. 86-93 or fols. 86 and 88). References to particular lines of a leaf, or to leaves written in double columns, should be made thus: 74r12, 32ra or 45vb12 or 126va39-126vb11.
Standard examples for first references to manuscripts are:
Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 422, pp. 27-586 (Winchester, s. ximed; provenance Sherborne), p. 283, line 7 - p. 284, line 10;
Cambridge, Trinity College B. 11. 2 (St Augustine's, Canterbury, s. xmed), 62r;
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Hatton 20 (Worcester, s. ixex), 32r16-33v21;
London, British Library, Add. 37517 (Canterbury, s. x2), fols. 13-15;
London, British Library, Cotton Tiberius B. i (Abingdon, s. xi1 - xi2), fol. 3;
London, British Library, Royal 1. B. VII (?Northumbria, s. viii1; provenance Christ Church, Canterbury), 15v;
Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale, 1650 (Abingdon, s. xiin);
Coburg, Landesbibliothek, 1 (?Metz, s. ix), 168r.
(Note (a) that names of places should be given in standard English forms; (b) that there is a space between the components of a shelfmark, and after the s. abbreviation in a date; and (c) that if the word 'Library', or its foreign equivalent, is present, a comma is used before the shelfmark; if 'Library' or its foreign equivalent is not present, no comma is used in that position.)
Subsequent references should be shortened, e.g.:
CCCC 422; Hatton 20; BL Add. 37517; Tiberius B. i.
For further examples of forms of reference to manuscripts, see
Gneuss's list in ASE 9.
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7. References to Old English texts
The titles of poems should accord with those given in ASPR (but
please include The in titles such as The Dream of the Rood,
and substitute British for American spelling where applicable). If,
however, an article contains references to various verse or prose
texts or glosses (e.g. in linguistic analysis), use should be made of
the abbreviated titles set out in ASE 4, at 207-21, and
emended and augmented in ASE 8, at 331-3. The word 'line(s)'
should not be used between the title of a poem and following line
number(s); nor should there be any intervening comma (e.g. The Battle
of Maldon 96). A reference to a half-line on its own, or to a portion
of a poem beginning with a second half-line or ending with a first
half-line, should include the relevant a or b half-line designation
(e.g. The Battle of Maldon 92b or 93b-94a or 94b-95 or 93-4a, as
against 96 or 96-9).
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In the case of a work composed in Latin, it is essential to give
the correct Latin title, not an English approximation: thus Bede,
Historia ecclesiastica (not Ecclesiastical History),
Gregory, Regula pastoralis (not Pastoral Care), or
Pliny, Historia naturalis (not Natural History). In
Latin titles, the first word is capitalized, but subsequent words
begin with lower case letters (except in the case of names): De
natura deorum, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium;
Prognosticon futuri saeculi, Ad Reginum comitem; etc.
In the case of works in multiple books, chapters and sub-chapters,
reference is made as follows: Isidore, Etymologiae XI.vii.7
(that is upper case roman for book, lower case roman for chapter, and
arabic for sub-chapter).
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9. References to Anglo-Saxon charters
Charters and other documents should normally be cited by their Sawyer number, e.g. S 876; specific editions of charters may need to be cited in detailed discussion of individual texts, e.g. S 89 (BCS 154) or S 1036 (KCD 813). A statement of any abbreviations used should be made in a footnote at the earliest appropriate point in the article, e.g.:
In references to Anglo-Saxon charters, S = P. H. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and Bibliography, R. Hist. Soc. Guides and Handbooks 8 (London, 1968), followed by the number of the document; BCS = W. de G. Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum, 3 vols. (London, 1885-93); KCD = J. M. Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici, 6 vols. (London, 1839-48).
Volumes in the British Academy series should be cited thus:
Charters of Burton Abbey, ed. P. H. Sawyer, AS Charters 2 (London, 1979), no. 32;
S 1536 (Charters of Burton, ed. Sawyer, no. 29).
For further information about charters, including the 'Electronic
Sawyer' (1999), and 'Regesta Regum Anglorum' (1998), go to the
website of the British Academy - Royal Historical Society Joint
Committee on Anglo-Saxon Charters.
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10. References to the 'Anglo-Saxon Chronicle'
Annals in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle should normally be cited by their number alone where all the manuscripts accord with one another, by their number in the different manuscripts where these do not accord with one another, or by their number in a particular manuscript if the annal is peculiar to one of them; the manuscripts should be designated by the conventional sigla, and the corrected date should be indicated where necessary.
A standard example for a first reference is:
Anglo-Saxon Chronicle 827 ( = 829): Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, ed. C. Plummer (Oxford, 1892-9) I, 60-1 (text); The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: a Revised Translation, ed. D. Whitelock, with D. C. Douglas and S. I. Tucker (London, 1961; rev. 1965), pp. 40-1 (translation).
A standard example for a subsequent reference is:
ASC 904 A, 905 CD ( = 903): Two Chronicles, ed. Plummer I, 92-5 (text); Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. Whitelock et al., p. 73 (translation).
(Citation of text and/or translation, and use of Plummer's edition and Whitelock's translation, is at the author's discretion.)
Note also the following styles of reference:
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS B, ed. S. Taylor, The AS Chronicle: a Collaborative Edition, ed. D. Dumville and S. Keynes 4 (Cambridge, 1983), xxiii-xxvii;
ASC MS B, ed. Taylor, pp. xxxiv-l;
The Annals of St Neots with Vita Prima Sancti Neoti, ed. D. Dumville and M. Lapidge, The AS Chronicle: a Collaborative Edition, ed. D. Dumville and S. Keynes 17 (Cambridge, 1985), 76-7;
The Annals of St Neots with Vita Prima Sancti Neoti, ed. Dumville and Lapidge, pp. 125-6.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS D, ed. G. P. Cubbin, The AS Chronicle: a Collaborative Edition 6 (Cambridge, 1996), xxiii;
ASC MS D, ed. Cubbin, p. 47;
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References to the Bible should be made as follows:
Gen. I.1; Deut. XIX.21; Luke XIII.29-30; John X.24; II Cor. IV.12; Ps. XXII.4.
(Psalms are cited according to the numbering of the Vulgate, not
of the Authorized Version.)
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If you require plates, you must consult one of the editors at an early stage in order to establish how many may be available in a given volume of ASE. There is no such restriction on the number of text figures. All illustration, however, is expensive and should only be used if it is essential.
Plates. A photograph for a plate should be a sharp, black and white glossy print with good contrast, clarity in the middle tones and clear detail; it should not be a photocopy or photograph of a plate from another publication, as this will not reproduce well. The print should be numbered lightly in pencil on the back, and the top should be marked if there is any possibility of confusion. The area to be reproduced should be lightly marked in pencil on the back of the print or, preferably, indicated on an overlay (a transparent flap fastened, by a strip of sticky tape, to the back of the photograph and covering the front of it). Please do not mark the face of the print, or mark it so heavily on the back that it shows through; any mark which dents the surface of the photograph causes a minute shadow, which the block maker has to eliminate. Do not use paper clips, as they not only dent the print but may scratch the surface. If a letter or arrow etc. is to be superimposed on a photograph, it should be marked on an overlay.
It is the responsibility of the contributor to have obtained permission for the reproduction of any photograph from the authority holding the copyright, and to supply us with the names of any such authority so that appropriate acknowledgement can be incorporated in the preliminaries to the book.
Text figures (including maps). Text figures should be separate from the typescript of the text itself, and clearly identified. Ideally, you should supply figures which have been drawn professionally: the editor will be able to give you advice about the most suitable reduction factor and line thickness; figures should not be more than twice the final size, and you should bear in mind the amount of detail that can be shown clearly in an area of (approximately) 7 x 4 inches; any wording incorporated in the figure itself, e.g. in a key explaining symbols, should accord in spelling, punctuation etc., with our conventions. If your figures are to be redrawn by the publishers, they should be immediately comprehensible; the draughtsman should be thought of as a copyist, not an interpreter. In the case of a map, the draughtsman will need a rough copy, and a typed list of names, consistent in spelling with the text and divided into categories (because different sizes or kinds of type are used for countries, provinces, towns, seas, rivers etc.), with a note of any essential boundaries, contours etc. The amount to be included in the map should be limited to the minimum necessary, because cluttered maps are difficult to follow.
Plates are identified with capital roman numerals, and text figures with arabic numerals; numbering of plates and figures is continuous throughout the book, so your own numbering may be changed by the editor. Note that in the roman numbering we use for plates, each number refers to a plate page; if more than one subject is to be reproduced on a page, the separate subjects are designated a, b, c (e.g. IIIa, b and c). The same applies to subdivisions of the arabic numbering of text figures. References to plates and figures made in the text of an article should be in the form: pl. II; pls. II and III; pls. IIa and b and III; fig. 3; figs. 2 and 3. The numbers of the figures should also be written in the margin of the typescript to show where each is to appear.
The contributor must supply fully detailed captions for each plate
or figure (including any measurement or factor of reduction where
applicable). Captions for plates and captions for figures should be
listed on separate sheets of double-spaced typescript. Please follow
practice in earlier volumes of ASE for style and layout.
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IV. PROOFS AND PROOF-CORRECTION
1. Proofs
You will normally receive two sets of proofs, one of which may
have been annotated by the typesetter's reader, raising queries and
indicating mistakes. This 'marked set' is the one which you should
correct and return (together with the original typescript), following
the guidelines on the Proofing Instructions you will receive. (Please
do not return proofs to the typesetter or to one of the executive
editors.) The 'duplicate set' is for you to keep for reference.
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2. Proof-correction
Corrections should be confined to typesetter's errors and serious errors of fact. Heavily marked proofs are time-consuming to correct and may delay publication; they will also substantially increase the production costs of the volume because so much of the work has to be done by hand. If you cannot avoid adding or deleting a word or two, reword the relevant lines so that they contain approximately the same number of letters and spaces. Otherwise the rest of the paragraph may have to be reset; and if it becomes longer or shorter, lines may have to be transferred from page to page, at additional expense.
Always write in ballpoint as clearly as you can, using the following colours: red for all typesetter's errors (departures from the sub-edited typescript); black for publisher's errors and the insertion of cross-references; blue for any alterations of your own including any made in response to typesetter's queries. Use the symbols shown on the chart which will accompany your proofs.
If the typesetter's reader has written questions in the margin,
answer them if you can. If there are any points which you wish to
raise with the editors or with the sub-editor, please include a
separate note about them, with the returned proofs.
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