Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England
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INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
'Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England' is a recently established series of scholarly texts and monographs intended to advance our knowledge of all aspects of the field of Anglo-Saxon studies. The scope of the present series, like that of Anglo-Saxon England, its periodical counterpart, embraces original scholarship in various disciplines: literary, historical, archaeological, philological, art-historical, palaeographical, architectural, liturgical, numismatic, and so on. Original scholarship which advances our understanding of the field through interdisciplinary approach is especially welcome.
Contributors are requested to read these instructions carefully, and to pay close attention to our conventions when preparing their typescripts; in this way it is hoped that any revision of typescripts requested by the editors will be kept to a minimum, and the processes of editing and subediting will be made easier.
1. GENERAL
Typescripts of books must be in English, and typed on A4 paper (or its nearest equivalent). It is of the first importance that the printer is supplied with a strong ribbon copy or a good quality photocopy. A faint ribbon copy, a carbon copy, a blurred photocopy, a photocoopy on shiny paper (on which it is difficult to write or erase) or a poor quality dot-matrix print-out, is not acceptable. It is particularly necessary that a letter which may be unfamiliar to the printer, such as æ, ¶, Ý or ·, is unambiguous. (This applies especially to the descender of a thorn that is underlined; if your typewriter or word-processor cannot produce Anglo-Saxon letters, please ensure that the special forms are clearly marked.) Both text and notes must be typed double-spaced. Please avoid splitting a word at the end of a line (to ease the burden on the subeditor, who otherwise has to instruct the printer to ignore the hyphen). Adequate margins must be left all round for subediting and for the printer's comments. The notes to each chapter must be numbered consecutively in one series and typed at the end of the chapter, starting on a fresh page. The printer will distribute the notes so that, when published, each is at the foot of the page to which it refers. Any words to be printed in italic should be underlined.
2. SPELLING
English, rather than American, spelling should be used. (-ize should be used where the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary recommends it.) The spelling of Old English names should be modelled on those in the index to F.M. Stenton, Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1971); further examples are to be found in the indexes of Anglo-Saxon England 5 (1976), 10 (1982) and 15 (1986). In general Latinized and post-Conquest forms of OE personal names should be avoided (thus Eadsige and Eadburg, not Edsinus or Edburga; and Æthelwig, not Agelwy).
3. QUOTATIONS
A quotation which is not longer than sixty words of prose or one line of verse should be enclosed in single quotation marks, unless it is a word or short phrase which is emphasized or used in a passage of analysis; these should be underlined (to indicate italic) and not enclosed in quotation marks. A longer quotation should be indented (and typed double-spaced) and neither quotation marks nor underlining used. Double quotation marks should be used only for quotations within the quotations which are themselves already enclosed in single quotation marks.
It is recommended that a quotation in Latin or Old English or Old Norse etc. should be accompanied by a translation if it is long or if it contains a point of special difficulty. The translation should be enclosed in single quotation marks and placed in a footnote.
4. HEADINGS AND SUB-HEADINGS
Where appropriate, authors are encouraged, within each chapter, to employ headings and sub-headings in the interest of clarity. A main heading should be in capitals (and will be printed in small capitals), roman, and centred; a sub-heading should be in lower case (with initial capital), italic (i.e. underlined for italic), and centred; a sub-sub-heading should be in lower case (with initial capital), italic (i.e. underlined for italic), beginning in the left hand margin. The first line of text following a main heading or a sub-heading is full out; but the first line of text following a sub-sub- heading is indented.
5. NUMBERS
Numbers should be in words if less than 100 and if not within a specific reference, measurement, date, list or table or part of extensive statistical data, e.g.: the tenth century; a late-tenth-century manuscript; twenty-six occasions; but 40 x 95 mm. Otherwise they should be in figures.
Numbers in a series should be accordance with these examples:
(i) 30-4 (not 30-34), 191-6 (not 191-196 or 191-96), 300-4
(ii) 210-12 and 213-15 (not 210-2 and 213-5)
(iii) 232-43 (not 232-243)
(iv) 191 and 204 (not 191, 204)
(v) 191, 204 and 310 (not 191, 204, 310 or 191, 204, and 310)
6. ABBREVIATIONS
An abbreviation such as OE (= Old English) or ON (= Old Norse) should be used (without full stops) before a linguistic form (e.g. OE ea or OE fæder), but not in running prose (e.g. Old English poetry, the Old English language, in Old English). The abbreviation MS is never used (see below, Section 12).
7. PUNCTUATION
In general, British, rather than American, punctuation should be used, e.g. commas outside quotation marks, single rather than double quotation marks (except for quotations within quotations) and no comma before 'and' in a series, or before 'etc.' Hyphenation should be kept to the unavoidable minimum; for guidance, see the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary.
No stop should be used after an abbreviation which includes the last letter of the word (e.g. Dr or St); but a stop should be used after the -s of a plural if it would be used after the corresponding singular:
ch., chs.; fol., fols.; vol., vols.; col., cols.
A suprascript number, indicating the place in the main text to which a footnote refers, should follow adjacent punctuation, e.g. 'his first lessons in holy writings',2 (not 'his first lessons in holy writings'2, or 'his first lessons in holy writings2',).
8. LOWER CASE
Lower case should be used for the initial letter of a pronoun referring to God and the initial letter of a word such as 'church', 'continent', 'king', 'bishop', 'bible' or 'psalter', unless the word is part of a title as in, e.g., the Vespasian Psalter or King Alfred (but Alfred, king of Wessex, not King Alfred of Wessex).
9. DATES
Dates should be standardized on the models 15 August 1986, 15 August and August 1986.
10. EDITIONS OF TEXTS
It is the firm intention of the Series Editors to include scholarly editions of Anglo-Latin and Old English texts in 'Cambridge Studies in Anglo-Saxon England'. In normal circumstances such texts will be presented in critical (rather than diplomatic, semi-diplomatic or facsimile) editions; in other words, manuscript abbreviations will be expanded, and punctuation and capitalization will be according to modern conventions. Such texts will normally be accompanied by modern English translation, and will be arranged so that at any opening the Latin/OE text will appear on the left hand page, with the translation on the right hand page. The apparatus criticus will be printed below the Latin/OE text; accompanying commentary will be printed separately following the end of the edition. It is essential, therefore, that contributors supply text, translation, apparatus criticus and commentary all on separate sheets.
In the printed text, lines of verse will be numbered in multiples of five; the accompanying apparatus criticus and commentary will be keyed to the text by means of these line numbers. For example:
TEXT AND APPARATUS
Iure kalendarum sanctus conciditur Agnus.
Isidorus nonis gaudet in ordine quadris.
Sancta Genouefa trinis in sanguine fulget.
Profulgent pridias Ageus Gaiusque secundus.
At Symon sequitur nonarum in uertice uates. 5
Octauas idus Cristus baptismate fulget É etc.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1 kalendarum] calendarum J 2 Isidorus] Isiodorus J
3 Genouefa] Genofeua J 4 Profulgent] Profulget TJ
Gaiusque] Gageusque G secundus] kalendas T
5 At] Et T Symon] Simon T: Simeon J uates] uatem G
COMMENTARY (printed at the end of the text)
1 conciditur. The feast in question here is the Circumcision.
2 Isidorus. The original reading in the Martyrologium Hieronymianum may have been 'Antiochia Syriae Domni episcopi', which was subsequently corrupted to Isidorus.
etc.
Note that in the apparatus criticus textual lemmata and variants are printed in (much reduced) Roman type; in the Commentary the textual lemmata are given in italic type, but the commentary itself is in Roman.
In the case of poetry, line-numbering is relatively straightforward, and will have been done by the editor during the preparation of his text. In the case of prose texts, however, it is not possible to insert line numbers beforehand (the process of justification inevitably alters such numeration), and editorial line numbers will therefore not be employed in editions of prose texts. Apparatus criticus and commentary will be keyed to the text by two separate means: for the apparatus criticus, lemmata for which there are textual variants will be signalled by a sequence of superscript letters in alphabetic order (beginning again with a once z is reached); for the commentary, words and phrases which are treated in the commentary will be signalled with a sequence of superscript numbers, as in the following example:
TEXT AND APPARATUS
3. And1 se smi¶ him cwæ¶ to: 'La, leof, nele hea gelyfan minum wordum.' Îa cwæ¶ se bisceop eft: 'Gange2 heb to minre byrgene and ateo ane hringan up of ¶ære Ýryh; andc gif seo hringe him folga¶ É' etc.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
a nele he] Eadsige nele W
b he] him W
c and] om. O
COMMENTARY
1 Ælfric is here translating c. 3 of his own so-called Epitome translationis et miraculorum S. Swithuni.
2 For Ælfric's use of gange he (as against gange him in W) see Ælfric's Suppl. Hom., ed. Pope, VII.118 ('Gif he Godes sunu is, gange he of Ýære rode') and XX.56.
In most cases it will be convenient to begin the sequence of alphabetical letters afresh with each subdivision or chapter of the prose text; the numbers for the commentary, on the other hand, could best be put in one sequence throughout.
It is clear that individual texts will present individual editorial problems; for this reason it would be helpful if matters concerning presentation and layout of text, apparatus and commentary could be discussed with the Series Editors at an early stage of preparation. In general editorial sigla and diacritical symbols, especially square and angle brackets, will be those set out in detail by M. L. West, Textual Criticism and Editorial Technique (Stuttgart, 1973), pp. 80-2.
11. REFERENCES
It is envisaged that each volume will be provided both with a List of Abbreviations (to be printed near the beginning of the book) and a Bibliography (to be printed near the end).
The List of Abbreviations might include those which have become standard in the field (e.g. ASPR, CCSL, EEMF, EETS, EPNS, HBS, MGH, PL, and so on) as well as periodicals which are cited frequently in the book; in cases where a periodical occurs in the list of abbreviations printed at the end of every volume of Anglo-Saxon England, it will be convenient to employ the same abbreviation as that employed in Anglo-Saxon England. It might also include short titles of books cited frequently throughout.
The Bibliography should be a careful, thorough compilation designed to serve as a scholarly tool in its own right. For this reason all bibliographical information must be presented fully, accurately and consistently.
The following conventions should be followed:
(i) Only the initials of an author's Christian names are cited in the Bibliography; the names are not to be given in full, no matter how the name appears in the publication to which reference is being made. (Exceptions may have to be made in the case of very common names.) The purpose of this convention is to save space and subeditorial time, and to make it easier to achieve consistency.
(ii) The title of a book or article must be given in full, exactly as in the publication; no word should be omitted or shortened in any way, whether in a foreign language or in English. The title of a series or periodical, on the other hand, should be treated in accordance with the guidance below.
(iii) Every significant word in a title in English should begin with a capital; lower case is retained for small words such as articles, prepositions and conjunctions.
(iv) The use of capitals in foreign titles should be according to contemporary usage in the language concerned; for the treatment of titles in Latin, see below, Section 14.
(v) 'vol(s).' and 'p(p).' should be omitted from references which include both a volume number (e.g. of a two-volume work, or of an issue of a periodical, or a volume in a series) and a page number.
(vi) Spaces should be left between an author's initials, between his initials and his surname, and between the constituent elements of the reference itself (e.g. Clemoes, P., 'Ælfric', in Continuations and Beginnings: Studies in Old English Literature, ed. E. G. Stanley (London, 1966), pp. 176-209).
(vii) In a reference to an article (e.g. in a periodical, or in a collection of essays), the page numbers of the whole article must be given.
(viii) Titles of books should be underlined for italic; titles of articles should be in roman within single quotation marks; periodical titles should be underlined for italic; series titles should be in roman; titles of unpublished dissertations in roman within single quotation marks.
(ix) The volume number of a book which is in more than one volume should be in roman capitals; the volume number of a periodical, and the number of a book in a series, should be arabic. A volume number (whether in roman or in arabic) should not be preceded by a comma. For a periodical without volume numbers the year of publication should be cited and treated as a volume number.
(x) Places of publication of books published in Europe are given in the form familiar in English: thus Munich, not München, and Florence, not Firenze.
(xi) Books should normally be cited in their most recent edition. Note, however, that it is not our practice to cite the dates of photographic or anastatic reprints (as opposed to second or subsequent editions); in such cases, the original date of publication is to be given.
Some examples
(i) a book
Robinson, J. A., The Times of Saint Dunstan (Oxford, 1923)
(ii) a multi-volume book
Clapham, A. W., English Romanesque Architecture, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1930-4)
(iii) a book in a series
Scharer, A., Die angelsächsische Königsurkunde im 7. und 8. Jahrhundert, Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für österreichische Geschichtsforschung 26 (Vienna, 1982)
(iv) an edition of a book other than the first
Stenton, F. M., Anglo-Saxon England, 3rd ed. (Oxford, 1971)
(v) an unpublished dissertation
Schneider, D. B., 'Anglo-Saxon Women in the Religious Life: a Study of the Status and Position of Women in an Early Mediaeval Society' (unpubl. PhD dissertation, Cambridge Univ., 1985)
(vi) an article in a periodical
Fleming, R., 'Monastic Lands and England's Defence in the Viking Age', English Historical Review 100 (1985), 247-65
(vii) an article in a collection of essays
Campbell, A., 'The Old English Epic Style', in English and Medieval Studies presented to J. R. R. Tolkien, ed. N. Davis and C. L. Wrenn (London, 1962), pp. 13-26
Wallace-Hadrill, J. M., 'Charlemagne and England', in his Early Medieval History (Oxford, 1975), pp. 155-80
(viii) an edition of a text
Sawyer, P. H., ed., Charters of Burton Abbey, Anglo-Saxon Charters 2 (London, 1979)
If a book or article is cited only once during the course of the book, it should be cited in a footnote in the form(s) given above (with the author's initials before, not after, his surname); but note that in the case of an edition of a text, cited in full only in a footnote, ed. plus the editor's initials and surname should follow the title. Books or articles cited in this way only once need not be listed in the Bibliography. If, however, a book or article is cited frequently in footnotes (i.e. twice or more), it should be cited in a consistently abbreviated form, and specific page references given. Thus for the works listed above:
Robinson, Times of St Dunstan, p. 36
Clapham, English Romanesque Architecture II, 261
Scharer, Die angelsächsische Königsurkunde, p. 80
Fleming, 'Monastic Lands', pp. 250-1
Charters of Burton, ed. Sawyer, no. 29
Cross references should be placed in footnotes, not in the main text, and should be in the form:
See above, p. 00.
See below, p. 000, n. 0.
12. REFERENCES TO MANUSCRIPTS
It is desirable to give manuscript shelfmarks whenever possible: thus reference should be made not simply to the 'Book of Cerne', but to the 'Book of Cerne (Cambridge, University Library, Ll. 1. 10)'. By the same token it is desirable to specify whenever possible the origin and date (and provenance too, if so wished) of a given manuscript, always in the following form:
London, British Library, Royal 15. C. VII (Old Minster, Winchester, s. x/xi);
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Rawlinson C. 697 (NE France, s. ix2; later provenance Bury St Edmunds).
If reference is to the recto or verso of a manuscript leaf, 'fol.' should be omitted and 'r' or 'v' should be specified (e.g. 26r, 27v, 26r-27v (not 26r- 7v) or 35r-43v). If reference is to a leaf (or leaves) as a whole 'fol(s).' should be used (e.g. fol. 86, fols. 86-93 or fols. 86 and 88). References to particular lines of a leaf, or to leaves written in double columns, should be made thus: 74r12, 32ra or 45vb12 or 126va39-126vb11.
Standard examples for first references to manuscripts are:
Cambridge, Corpus Christi College 422, pp. 27-586 (Winchester, s. ximed; provenance Sherborne), p. 283, line 7 - p. 284, line 10;
Cambridge, Trinity College B. 11. 2 (St Augustine's, Canterbury, s. xmed), 62r;
Oxford, Bodleian Library, Hatton 20 (Worcester, s. ixex), 32r16-33v21;
London, British Library, Add. 37517 (Canterbury, s. x2), fols. 13-15;
London, British Library, Cotton Tiberius B. i (Abingdon, s. xi1 - xi2), fol. 3;
London, British Library, Royal 1. B. VII (?Northumbria, s. viii1; provenance Christ Church, Canterbury), 15v;
Brussels, Bibliothèque Royale, 1650 (Abingdon, s. xiin);
Coburg, Landesbibliothek, 1 (?Metz, s. ix), 168r.
(Note (a) that there is a space between the components of a shelfmark, and after the s. abbreviation in a date; and (b) that if the word 'Library', or its foreign equivalent, is present, a comma is used before the shelfmark; if 'Library' or its foreign equivalent is not present, no comma is used in that position.)
Subsequent references should be shortened, e.g.:
CCCC 422; Hatton 20; BL Add. 37517; Tiberius B. i.
13. REFERENCES TO OLD ENGLISH TEXTS
The titles of poems should accord with those given in ASPR (but please include The in titles such as The Dream of the Rood, and substitute British for American spelling where applicable). If, however, an article contains references to various verse or prose texts or glosses (e.g. in linguistic analysis), use should be made of the abbreviated titles set out in ASE 4, at 207-21, and emended and augmented in ASE 8, at 331-3. The word 'line(s)' should not be used between the title of a poem and following line number(s); nor should there be any intervening comma (e.g. The Battle of Maldon 96). A reference to a half-line on its own, or to a portion of a poem beginning with a second half-line or ending with a first half-line, should include the relevant a or b half-line designation (e.g. The Battle of Maldon 92b or 93b-94a or 94b-95 or 93-4a, as against 96 or 96-9).
14. REFERENCES TO LATIN TEXTS
In the case of a work composed in Latin, it is essential to give the correct Latin title, not an English approximation: thus Gregory, Regula pastoralis (not Pastoral Care), or Pliny, Historia naturalis (not Natural History). In Latin titles, the first word is capitalized, but subsequent words begin with lower case letters (except in the case of names): De natura deorum, Epistulae morales ad Lucilium; Prognosticon futuri saeculi, Ad Reginum comitem; etc. In the case of works in multiple books, chapters and sub- chapters, reference is made as follows: Isidore, Etymologiae XI.vii.7 (that is upper case roman for book, lower case roman for chapter, and arabic for sub-chapter).
15. REFERENCES TO ANGLO-SAXON CHARTERS
Charters and other documents should normally be cited by their Sawyer number, e.g. S 876; specific editions of charters may need to be cited in detailed discussion of individual texts, e.g. S 89 (BCS 154) or S 1036 (KCD 813) or S 1536 (Charters of Burton, ed. Sawyer, no. 29). Abbreviations such as S, BCS and KCD should be explained in the List of Abbreviations at the beginning of the book (in their appropriate alphabetical sequence), e.g.:
BCS (with number of document) W. de G. Birch, Cartularium Saxonicum, 3 vols. (London, 1885-93)
KCD (with number of document) J. M. Kemble, Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici, 6 vols. (London, 1839-48)
S (with number of document) P. H. Sawyer, Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and Bibliography, Royal Historical Society Guides and Handbooks 8 (London, 1968)
16. REFERENCES TO THE 'ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE'
If the book contains frequent references to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ASC should be included in the List of Abbreviations and procedure should be as follows. Annals should normally be cited by their number alone where all the manuscripts accord with one another, by their number in the different manuscripts where these do not accord with one another, or by their number in a particular manuscript if the annal is peculiar to one of them; the manuscripts should be designated by the conventional sigla, and the corrected date should be indicated where necessary.
Assuming that the books cited will be included in the Bibliography, references should be modelled on these examples:
ASC 827 (=829): Two Chronicles, ed. Plummer I, 60-1 (text); Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. Whitelock, pp. 40-1 (translation).
ASC 904 A, 905 CD (=903): Two Chronicles, ed. Plummer I, 92-5 (text); Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, ed. Whitelock, p. 73 (translation).
(Citation of text and/or translation, and use of Plummer's edition and Whitelock's translation, is at the author's discretion.)
Note also the following styles of reference:
(a) in a Bibliography:
Taylor, S., ed., The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle MS B, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: a Collaborative Edition, ed. D. Dumville and S. Keynes 4 (Cambridge, 1983)
Dumville, D., and M. Lapidge, ed., The Annals of St Neots with Vita Prima Sancti Neoti, The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle: a Collaborative Edition, ed. D. Dumville and S. Keynes 17 (Cambridge, 1985)
(b) in footnotes:
ASC MS B, ed. Taylor, pp. xxxiv-l.
The Annals of St Neots with Vita Prima Sancti Neoti, ed. Dumville and Lapidge, pp. 125-6.
17. REFERENCES TO THE BIBLE
References to the Bible should be made as follows:
Gen. I.1; Deut. XIX.21; Luke XIII.29-30; John X.24; II Cor. IV.12; Ps. XXII.4.
(Psalms are cited according to the numbering of the Vulgate, not of the Authorized Version.)
18. INDEXES
It is intended that each volume in the series will have a General Index, which will be compiled by the author at page-proof stage. Depending on the subject matter of the individual book, it may also be appropriate to include indexes of manuscripts, OE words, personal or place-names, and so on.
19. PLATES AND TEXT FIGURES
If you require plates, you must consult one of the editors at an early stage in order to establish how many are in question. There is no such restriction on the number of text figures. All illustration, however, is expensive and should only be used if it is essential.
Plates. A photograph for a plate should be a sharp, black and white glossy print with good contrast, clarity in the middle tones and clear detail; it should not be a photocopy or photograph of a plate from another publication, as this will not reproduce well. The print should be numbered lightly in pencil on the back, and the top should be marked if there is any possibility of confusion. The area to be reproduced should be lightly marked in pencil on the back of the print or, preferably, indicated on an overlay (a transparent flap fastened, by a strip of sticky tape, to the back of the photograph and covering the front of it). Please do not mark the face of the print, or mark it so heavily on the back that it shows through; any mark which dents the surface of the photograph causes a minute shadow, which the block maker has to eliminate. Do not use paper clips, as they not only dent the print but may scratch the surface. If a letter or arrow etc. is to be superimposed on a photograph, it should be marked on an overlay.
It is the responsibility of the author to have obtained permission for the reproduction of any photograph from the authority holding the copyright, and to supply us with the names of any such authority so that appropriate acknowledgement can be incorporated in the preliminaries to the book.
Text figures (including maps). Text figures should be separate from the typescript of the text itself, and clearly identified. Ideally, you should supply figures which have been drawn professionally: the editor will be able to give you advice about the most suitable reduction factor and line thickness; figures should not be more than twice the final size, and you should bear in mind the amount of detail that can be shown clearly in an area of (approximately, and normally) 7 x 4 inches; any wording incorporated in the figure itself, e.g. in a key explaining symbols, should accord in spelling, punctuation etc., with our conventions. If your figures are to be redrawn by the publishers, they should be immediately comprehensible; the draughtsman should be thought of as a copyist, not an interpreter. In the case of a map, the draughtsman will need a rough copy, and a typed list of names, consistent in spelling with the text and divided into categories (because different sizes or kinds of type are used for countries, provinces, towns, seas, rivers etc.), with a note of any essential boundaries, contours etc. The amount to be included in the map should be limited to the minimum necessary, because cluttered maps are difficult to interpret.
Plates are identified with capital roman numerals, and text figures with arabic numerals; numbering of plates and figures is continuous throughout the book. Note that in the roman numbering we use for plates, each number refers to a plate page; if more than one subject is to be reproduced on a page, the separate subjects are designated a, b, c (e.g. IIIa, b and c). The same applies to subdivisions of the arabic numbering of text figures. References to plates and figures made in the text should be in the form: pl. II; pls. II and III; pls. IIa and b and III; fig. 3; figs. 2 and 3. The numbers of the figures should also be written in the margin of the typescript to show where each is to appear.
The contributor must supply fully detailed captions for each plate or figure (including any measurement or factor of reduction where applicable). Captions for plates and captions for figures should be listed on separate sheets of double-spaced typescript.