1. H. Brunner, Zur Rechtsgeschichte der römischen und germanischen Urkunde (Berlin, 1880), p. 3. Id., Deutsche Rechtsgeschichte I (Leipzig, 1887), p. 392. H. Bresslau, Handbuch der Urkundenlehre für Deutschland und Italien I (Leipzig, 1889), p. 476.

2. Bresslau, Handbuch I, pp. 476 seq.

3. Odowacer and Theodoric bore the imperial geschlectsname of the Flavii in consequence of receiving the grant of citizen right.

4. Brunner, Rechtsgeschichte I, p. 392.

5. Anglicae historiae libri XXVI (Basilae, 1534), p. 151: 'Instituit item scribarum collegium, qui diplomata scriberent, et eius collegii magistrum vocauit cancellarium, qui paulatim supremus effectus magistratus, qualis hodie habetur.'

6. Brunner, Urkunde, pp. 161-2. A. Giry, Manuel de diplomatique (Paris, 1894), pp.794-7.

7. Clearly the writing was not left to the monks of the abbey, as was the case with feudal princes on the Continent. Cf. O. Posse, Die Lehre von den Privaturkunden (Leipzig, 1887), pp. 166 seq. H. Pirenne, 'La chancellerie et les notaires des comtes de Flandre avant le XIII siècle', Mélanges Julien Havet (Paris, 1895), pp. 733-48 (repr. Genève, 1972).

8. F. Palgrave, The Rise and Progress of the English Commonwealth I (London, 1832), p.178.

9. 'Einer der gründlichsten Forscher in der Rechtsgeschichte des Mittelalters.' F.C.v. Savigny, Geschichte de römischen Rechts im Mittelalter, 2nd ed., II (Heidelberg, 1834), p.167.

10. 'A Brief Discourse Touching the Office of Lord High Chancellour of England', in his Opera omnia tam edita quam inedita III, 2, ed. D. Wilkins (London, 1726), pp. 1465-70.

11. J.M. Kemble, ed., Codex diplomaticus aevi Saxonici, I (London, 1839), p. xci.

12. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 279.

13. Cf. F.M. Pollock and F.W. Maitland, The History of English Law, 2nd ed., I (Cambridge, 1898), pp. 193-4, and II, p. 223.

14. Giry, Manuel, p. 716. Th. v. Sickel, 'Beiträge zur Diplomatik I. Die Urkunden Ludwigs des Deutschen bis zum Jahre 859', Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, phil.-hist. Kl. (1861), pp. 329-402, esp. p. 336. G. Waitz, Deutsche Verfassungsgeschichte, 3rd edn, II, 2 (Kiel, 1882), pp. 79-82. Bresslau, Handbuch I, pp. 279-280.

15. Brunner, Urkunde, p. 161. After the establishment of the custom of sealing, the count of Flanders omitted the name of the writer of the charter, which had previously been mentioned: Pirenne, 'chancellerie', p. 735. Writer not mentioned in Bavaria: Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 499.

16. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 476. Brunner, Urkunde, p. 3. Id., Rechtsgeschichte I, p.392.

17. Cf. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 131.

18. Maffei has pointed out that the barbarian settlements in Italy did not change of influence in any way the drawing up of legal instruments: S. Maffei, Istoria diplomatica (Mantua, 1727), p. 51.

19. For Odowacer, see Bresslau, Handbuch I p. 156. For the notarii, cf. id., Handbuch I, p. 153.

20. Legi: Cf. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 153, cf. op. cit., p. 511.

21. F.W. Maitland, Domesday Book and Beyond (Cambridge, 1897), p. 243. H.C. Lodge, 'The Anglo-Saxon Land-Law', Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law (Boston, London, 1876), p. 101.

22. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 242.

23. Lodge, 'Land-Law', pp. 77, 102.

24. Lodge, 'Land-Law', p. 74 n 2. Cf. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 244. E. Loening, Geschichte des deutschen Kirchenrechts II (Strassburg, 1878), p. 663.

25. Maitland, Domesday Book, pp. 246, 247 n 1.

26. Lodge, 'Land-Law', p. 73.

27. E. Young, 'The Anglo-Saxon Family Law', Essays in Anglo-Saxon Law (Boston, London, 1876), p. 181. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 315.

28. Pollock & Maitland, History II, pp. 82-82.

29. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 244. Later: Pollock & Maitland, History II, pp. 89-90. Loening, Geschichte II, p. 662 n 1.

30. Hertford Council: Beda, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, ed. B. Colgrave and R.A.B. Mynors (Oxford, 1969) IV, 5.

31. S 8 (BCS 45) and S 1171 (BCS 81).

32. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 250 n 2 (with commentary on Brunner, Urkunde, p. 187).

33. S 1171 (BCS 81) (dated 690 x 693).

34. S 1165 (BCS 34).

35. P. Jaffé, W. Wattenbach, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum I (Lipsiae, 1885), No. 2184. G.B. de Rossi, 'Un insigne epigrafe di donazione di fondi fatta alla chiesa S. Susanna dal Papa Sergio I', Bollettino di archeologia cristiana, Ser. II, vol. 1 (1870), pp. 105-6.

36. No local models.

37. See above p. .

38. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 230.

39. See above p. 00. Cf. Maitland, Domesday Book, pp. 230-1.

40. S 8 (BCS 45).

41. G. Marini, I papiri diplomatici (Roma, 1805), p. 310a n 16.

42. Sickel, 'Beiträge', pp. 335-7.

43. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 230.

44. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 249 (of foreign origin).

45. Maitland, Domesday Book, pp. 250 n 4. See also below note <75>.

46. Maitland, Domesday Book, pp. 246 seq.

47. Cf S 731 (BCS 1135).

48. Brunner, Urkunde, p. 3.

49. [S 1165 (BCS 34).

50. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 492.

51. Maffei, Istoria, p. 52. J. Mabillon, De re diplomatica libri VI (Paris, 1681), p.34.

52. Roman official papers were on papyrus long after parchment introduction. Cf. J.Marquardt, Das Privatleben der Romer. Bearb. v. A. Mau, Handbuch der römischen Altertümer, 2nd ed., VII, 2 (Leipzig, 1886), p. 821 with note 6.

53. Maffei, Istoria, p. 54. Bresslau, Handbuch I, pp. 881-882. Papyrus supercedes way tablets by the fifth century (Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 512).

54. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 882.

55. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 882.

56. Wanley, 'Praefatio ad catalogum', G. Hickes, Thesaurus (see below note <233>), fol. d.

57. S 8 (BCS 45).

58. P. Ewald, 'Studien zur Ausgabe des Registers Gregors I', Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft für altere deutsche Geschichtskunde 3 (1878), pp. 542-50.

59. Ewald, 'Studien', loc. cit.

60. Eadmer, Historia novorum in Anglia, ed. M. Rule, RS 81 (London, 1884), pp. 15, 296.

61. Maffei, Istoria, p. 53.

62. Historia naturalis XIII/12. See further T. Birt, Das antike Buchwesen (Berlin, 1882), p. 364. Birt, op. cit., pp. 504, 507, quotes from Galen.

63. In use until 700: Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 881.

64. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 890.

65. Giry, Manuel, p. 495.

66. S 8 (BCS 45).

67. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 883.

68. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 884.

69. Bresslau, Handbuch II, 3rd ed (1960), pp. 486-93.

70. See Bresslau, Handbuch I, pp. 512, 516. Sealing of wills on papyrus: cf. Marquardt, Privatleben, p. 805 with notes 7, 8.

71. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 513.

72. Placita Anglo-Normannica, ed. M.M. Bigelow (London, 1879), p. 177. Cf. Pollock and Maitland, History II, p. 221.

73. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 250.

74. See below p.

75. Brunner, Rechtsgeschichte I, p. 393. Id., 'Carta and notitia', Commentationes in honorem Th. Mommseni (Berlin, 1877), p. 571. Reprinted in his Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Rechtsgeschichte I (Weimar, 1931, Repr. Leipzig, 1965), p. 459. J. Ficker, Beiträge zur Urkundenlehre I (Innsbruck, 1877, Repr. Aalen, 1966), p. 227, §130. R. Schröder, Lehrbuch der deutschen Rechtsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1889), pp. 244-247, esp. p. 245.

76. Sickel, 'Beiträge', p. 335.

77. In use in Greek chancellaries until the middle of the eighth century.

78. S 13 (BCS 35).

79. S 10 (BCS 42).

80. S 45 (BCS 78).

81. S 8 (BCS 45).

82. S 1171 (BCS 81).

83. Beda, Historia ecclesiastica, IV.17.

84. Beda, Historia ecclesiastica, IV.5.

85. Cf. above note <77>.

86. A. Chroust, Untersuchungen uber die langobardischen Königs- und Herzogsurkunden (Graz, 1888), p. 137.

87. S 1168 (BCS 28).

88. S 1165 (BCS 34).

89. S 8 (BCS 45).

90. S 1171 (BCS 81).

91. S 45 (BCS 78).

92. S 15 (BCS 86).

93. S 1168 (BCS 287).

94. S 235 (BCS 72).

95. Papal formula. See Liber diurnus, ed. T. Sickel (Vindobonae, 1889), p. 61, No. LXV.

96. S 1165 (BCS 34).

97. S 1171 (BCS 81).

98. C.G. Bruns, Fontes iuris romani antiqui, 5th edn (Freiburg, 1887), pp. 300, 303.

99. S 4 (BCS 6).

100. Gervase of Canterbury, Chronica, RS 73, 1 (London, 18??), pp. 296-7.

101. S 1165 (BCS 34).

102. S 1171 (BCS 81).

103. S 15 (BCS 86).

104. Variant form in S 23 (BCS 148), S 156 (BCS 296).

105. Marini, Papiri, p. 144, No. 93, J. O. Tjäder, Die nichtliterarischen Lateinischen Papyri Italiens aus der Zeit, 445-700, I (Lund, 1955), no. 20.

106. Marini, Papiri, p. 152, no. 98.

107. Brunner, Urkunde, pp. 21-2.

108. Brunner, Urkunde, pp. 124-5.

109. S 1165 (BCS 34).

110. S 1171 (BCS 81).

111. S 9 (BCS 67).

112. S 15 (BCS 86).

113. Cf. S 9 (BCS 67). S 15 (BCS 86). S 13 (BCS 35).

114. S 156 (BCS 296).

115. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 156.

116. Marini, Papiri, p. 128, No. 82. Tjäder, Papyri, no. 127.

117. S 16 (BCS 90).

118. I/30 (MGH Form, p. 61). Gregorio di Catina, Il Regesto di Farfa, ed. I. Giorgio, U.Balzani (Roma, 1878), p. 51.

119. S 1168 (BCS 28).

120. S 1167 (BCS 57).

121. S 12 (BCS 73).

122. S 15 (BCS 86).

123. S 156 (BCS 296).

124. S 8 (BCS 45).

125. Marini, Papiri, p. 188, no. 122. Tjäder, Papyri, no. 37.

126. Marini, Papiri, p. 133, no. 86. Tjäder, Papyri, no. 13. Marini, p. 186, no. 121. Tjäder, no. 36.

127. S 1165 (BCS 34).

128. S 9 (BCS 67).

129. S 235 (BCS 72).

130. S 15 (BCS 86).

131. S 156 (BCS 296).

132. Marini, Papiri, p. 133, no. 86. Tjäder, Papyri, no. 13.

133. Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 230.

134. S 8 (BCS 45).

135. S 1171 (BCS 81).

136. S 235 (BCS 72).

137. S 12 (BCS 73).

138. S 22 (BCS 91). Cf. S 16 (BCS 90).

139. S 88 (BCS 152).

140. S 1165 (BCS 34).

141. S 8 (BCS 45).

142. S 9 (BCS 67).

143. S 235 (BCS 72).

144. S 12 (BCS 73).

145. S 15 (BCS 86).

146. S 1171 (BCS 81).

147. See above, p. 00.

148. See above, note <75>.

149. Maitland, Domesday Book, pp. 230-2.

150. S 1165 (BCS 34). S 8 (BCS 45).

151. S 12 (BCS 73).

152. S 1171 (BCS 81).

153. S 13 (BCS 35).

154. S 11 (BCS 41).

155. S 9 (BCS 67).

156. S 15 (BCS 86).

157. S 16 (BCS 90).

158. S 19 (BCS 97).

159. S 20 (BCS 99).

160. S 1167 (BCS 57).

161. S 1165 (BCS 34).

162. S 12 (BCS 73).

163. S 15 (BCS 86). S 16 (BCS 90). S 19 (BCS 97). S 21 (BCS 98).

164. S 156 (BCS 296).

165. S 4 (BCS 6).

166. S 68 (BCS 22/22A).

167. S 1165 (BCS 34).

168. Hemmings's Cartulary (BL Cotton Tiberius A. xiii), Hemingi Chartularium Ecclesiae Wigorniensis, 2 vols., ed. T. Hearne (Oxford, 1723). Ernulf's Cartulary (Textus Roffensis, Rochester DC), Registrum Roffense, 2 vols., ed. J. Thorpe (London, 1769): Facsimile ed. by P.H. Sawyer, EEMF 7, 11 (Copenhagen, 1957-62).

169. S 1165 (BCS 34).

170. S 1165 (BCS 34).

171. Chertsey: S 127 (BCS 251).

172. Chertsey Chartulary (BL, Ms. Lansdowne 435).

173. S 1181 (BCS 39). S 1165 (BCS 34).

174. S 1165 (BCS 34).

175. S 1181 (BCS 39). S 1165 (BCS 34).

176. S 8 (BCS 45).

177. Ælfric, Vita S. Æthelwoldi, ed. J. Stevenson, RS II/2 (London, 1858), pp. 261-2.

178. Ælfric, op. cit., p. 257.

179. So also in France and Burgundy. See the seventh and eighth century examples by Loening, Geschichte II, p. 663 n 2.

180. F. Liebermann, Die Heiligen Englands (Hannover, 1889), pp. 10-20.

181. S 66 (BCS 66).

182. Historia translationum S. Cuthberti, Symeonis Dunelmensis Opera omonia et collectanea I, ed. J.H. Hinde, Surtees Society 51 (Durham, 1868), pp. 158-201.

183. Councils and Ecclesiastical Documents Relating to Great Britain and Ireland III, ed. A.W. Haddan and W. Stubbs (Oxford, 1871), pp. 320-1.

184. Councils III, p. 321.

185. Councils III, p. 319.

186. Councils III, p. 321.

187. 'De vita sanctorum abbatum monasterii in Wiramutha et Girvum', Migne PL 94, col. 717. For an exemption from the bishop, see Liber diurnus, p. 118. Cf. Councils III, p. 319. Loening, Geschichte II, p. 391.

188. Vita Sanctorum Abbatum, Migne PL, col. 725.

189. S 23 (BCS 148).

190. S 156 (BCS 296).

191. S 23 (BCS 148).

192. S 28 (BCS 190).

193. S 23 (BCS 148).

194. S 33 (BCS 194). S 156 (BCS 296).

195. S 129 (BCS 253).

196. See above p. 00.

197. S 156 (BCS 296).

198. S 31 (BCS 199).

199. S 33 (BCS 194).

200. S 156 (BCS 296).

201. S 27 (BCS 159). S 24 (BCS 160). S 28 (BCS 190).

202. S 156 (BCS 296).

203. See above p. 00.

204. S 143 (BCS 188).

205. S 105 (BCS 195).

206. S 1180 (BCS 141). S 23 (BCS 148). S 86 (BCS 149). S 88 (BCS 152). S 25 (BCS191).

207. S 65 (BCS 111).

208. S 56 (BCS 187).

209. S 48 (BCS 198).

210. S 103 (BCS 164). S 104 (BCS 216). S 129 (BCS 253). S 121 (BCS 241). S 46 (BCS211). S 47 (BCS 212).

211. Kent: S 28 (BCS 190). S 34 (BCS 196).

212. S 110 (BCS 213). S 111 (BCS 214). S 115 (BCS 229). S 146 (BCS 272). S 114 (BCS230). S 139 (BCS 274). S 144 (BCS 275).

213. S 90 (BCS 162).

214. S 114 (BCS 230). Cf. S 29 (BCS 189), Councils III, p. 360 (BCS 174).

215. S 56 (BCS 187). S 123 (BCS 247). S 127 (BCS 251). S 131 (BCS 255). S 130 (BCS257). S 177 (BCS 177). S 32 (BCS 193). S 100 (BCS 182).

216. I/6, 7.

217. I/14 (MGH Form, p. 52); 'Nihil, ut ait apostolos, in hoc seculo intulimus.'

218. S 94 (BCS 157).

219. S 123 (BCS 247). S 125 (BCS 248).

220. S 94 (BCS 157).

221. S 125 (BCS 248) (Offa; imperfect clause). S 187 (BCS 373).

222. S 77 (BCS 75) (Æthelred; Christo donante).

223. Giry, Manuel, pp. 795-6.

224. Rare abroad. Cf. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 5 n 3.

225. S 1171 (BCS 81).

226. S 19 (BCS 97).

227. Cf. S 328 (BCS 496).

228. S 1164 (BCS 107). S 65 (BCS 111). S 248 (BCS 113). S 238 (BCS 121). S 23 (BCS 148). S 89 (BCS 154). S 101 (BCS 163). S 103 (BCS 164). S 100 (BCS 182). S 109 (BCS 210). S 111 (BCS 214). S 113 (BCS 223). S 35 (BCS 227). S 114 (BCS 230). S 57 (BCS 232). S 121 (BCS 240). S 129 (BCS 253). S 130 (BCS 257). S 156 (BCS 296). S 264 (BCS 225).

229. S 264 (BCS 225).

230. S 260 (BCS 185). S 28 (BCS 190). S 105 (BCS 195). See also S 39 (BCS 1336).

231. S 50 (BCS 197). S 60 (BCS 204). S 140 (BCS 207). S 108 (BCS 208). S 115 (BCS229). S 126 (BCS 233). S 104 (BCS 216). S 145 (BCS 226). S 124 (BCS 245). S 141 (BCS 246). The boundaries in S 266 (BCS 242) may be genuine, as they are so brief and go by the points of the compass; the are also given in the forged charter of 604 (S1(BCS3)).

232. S 98 (BCS 171). The text is derived from Hemming's Worcester chartulary, but high as is the character of that work, it is not free from forgeries in these early times. The charter is accepted by J. Earle, A Hand-Book to the Land-Charters and Other Saxonic Documents (Oxford, 1888), pp. 41-42, as genuine and as an interesting specimen of eighth century English.

233. S 89 (BCS 154). Cf. G Hickes, Linguarum vetustissimarum septentrionalium thesaurus grammatico-criticus et archaeologicus (Oxoniae, 1705), pp. 79, 80 (dissertatio epistolaris).

234. S 23 (BCS 148).

235. S 87 (BCS 150). S 88 (BCS 152).

236. S 90 (BCS 162).

237. Councils III, p. 583.

238. Earle, Land-Charters, pp. xxxiii-xxxiv.

239. It may be remembered that the English church had close connections with Rome at that time.

240. F. Rühl, Chronologie des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit (Berlin, 1897), p. 131.

241. Rühl, Chronologie, pp. 132-3.

242. Sickel, 'Beiträge', p. 346.

243. Cf. among the more recent comprehensive handbooks on chronology: H. Grotefend, Zeitrechnung des deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit, 2 vols. (Hannover, 1891-8). H. Lietzmann, Zeitrechnung der r|mischen Kaiserzeit, des Mittelalters und der Neuzeit, 3rd ed. (Berlin, 1956). Bresslau, Handbuch, 3rd ed. (1960), ch. 16.

244. Letter in Mabillon, De re diplomatica, c. 6, para. 7. Not used in the seventh century: Sickel, 'Beiträge', p. 343.

245. Noticed by Hickes, Thesaurus, p. 80, note (dissertatio epistolaris).

246. S 6 (BCS 13).

247. S 68 (BCS 22).

248. S 227 (BCS 25).

249. S 228 (BCS 26). S 229 (BCS 27). S 230 (BCS 50).

250. S 67 (BCS 32). S 94 (BCS 157).

251. S 65 (BCS 111). Cf. S 22 (BCS 91).

252. S 22 (BCS 91). Cf. (?) (BCS 94). (?) (BCS 95).

253. On the consent of the witan see Maitland, Domesday Book, p. 248.

254. S 156 (BCS 296).

255. S 287 (BCS 426).

256. S 178 (BCS 353).

257. S 175 (BCS 346).

258. S 164 (BCS 328).

259. S 178 (BCS 353). S 1268 (BCS 380). S 1438 (BCS 421).

260. S 282 (BCS 396).

261. S 271 (BCS 395).

262. S 188 (BCS 400).

263. S 287 (BCS 426).

264. Note the English charter S 1443 (BCS 605) from the Codex Wintoniensis (BL, Add. Ms 15350), which is booked up by the Liber Vitae, ed. W. de Gray Birch (London, Winchester, 1892), pp. 211-13.

265. S 376 (BCS 620). S 367 (BCS 603). S 375 (BCS 623). S 378 (BCS 624). S 377 (BCS625). S 382 (BCS 627). S 383 (BCS 628). S 381 (BCS 629).

266. S 367 (BCS 603).

267. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Pontificum (Vita Aldhelmi), ed. N.E.S.A. Hamilton, RS52 (London, 1870), V/196.

268. Cf. F.A. Specht, Geschichte des Unterrichtswesens in Deutschland (Stuttgart, 1885), p. 107 n 2.

269. I.M. Stowasser, ed., Incerti auctoris Hisperica famina, Jahresbericht des Franz Joseph-Gymnasiums 1886/7 (Vindobonae, 1887). F.J.H. Jenkinson, ed., The Hisperica famina (Cambridge, 1908).

270. See on Aldhelm: Specht, Geschichte, pp. 104 seq.

271. Specht, Geschichte, pp. 7, 107. Cf. Beda, Historia, IV/2, Aldhelm, Epistolae, MGH AA XV, p. 492.

272. Cf. S 298 (BCS 451).

273. S 407 (BCS 703). S 422 (BCS 695). S 418 (BCS 692).

274. S 519 (BCS 818). Cf. Giry, Manuel, p. 654 n 5.

275. [missing]

276. [missing]

277. S 514 (BCS 779).

278. S 294 (H.P.R. Finberg, The Early Charters of Wessex (Leicester, 1964)).

279. In Scandinavia: Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 515 n 5.

280. Cf. Bresslau, Handbuch I, pp. 57-58. Brunner, Rechtsgeschichte, p. 395. Id., 'Carta', p. 571.

281. S 986 (F.E. Harmer, Anglo-Saxon Writs (Manchester, 1952), no. 28).

282. Maitland, Domesday Book, pp. 259-67.

283. Stevenson seems not have been aware of OHG boundaries. See E. v. Steinmeyer, Die kleineren althochdeutschen Sprachdenkmäler (Berlin, 1916; repr. Dublin, Zürich, 1971), p.62.

284. S 287 (BCS 426).

285. S 405 (BCS 1343) Cf. Napier and Stevenson, Crawford Collection of Charters, pp.9, 76-80.

286. Hickes, Thesaurus, pp. 63 seq. (Dissertatio epistolaris). Maitland, Domesday Book, pp. 262-264. Cf. Earle, Land-Charters, p. 232.

287. S 986 (Harmer, Writs, no. 28).

288. Cf. in the Oswaldslaw charters (S 731 (BCS 1135)) foot. See also W. Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, 2nd ed., VI, 2 (London, 1846), pp. 1077-8.

289. S 1105 (Harmer, Writs, no. 55).

290. S 1101 (Harmer, Writs, no. 47). <?>

291. S 1028 (Harmer, Writs, pp. 598-9).

292. S 986 (Harmer, Writs, no. 28).

293. S 1089 (Harmer, Writs, no. 34).

294. Cf. Eadmer, Historia novorum in Anglia, pp. 31-7, 166.

295. It may be doubted whether William had a chancery in Normandy. The great feudatories, even the count of Flanders, caused their charters to be written by the destinators at time (Pirenne, 'chancellerie', p. 736). In 1089 the count instituted the prevost of St. Donatien of Bruges as chancellor of Flanders and placed him at head of his notaries and chaplains (Pirenne, loc. cit.), granted to him and his successors who held it until the end of the twelfth century. Cf. Bresslau, Handbuch I, p. 454. W.H. Stevenson, 'An Old English Charter', EHR 11 (1896), pp. 731-44; EHR 12 (1897), pp. 107-10.

296. 'In vorzuglicher Weise der Lehrer des ganzen Mittelalters', Specht, Geschichte, p. 7.

297. Specht, Geschichte, pp. 7-11.

298. Cf. Specht, Geschichte, pp. 8, 10.

299. Giraldus Cambrensis, Descriptio Cambriae I, c. 6, in his Opera, ed. J.F. Dimock, RS 21, 6 (London, 1885), pp. 177-8, notices the use of English (West Saxon) for Beda, Raban and King Alfred vel aliorum quorumlibet.